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No. 18/2026 (4.05.2026)
Memory that works at temperatures higher than lava.
Researchers at the University of Southern California have made a breakthrough by developing a new type of computer memory that works at 700°C - higher than the temperature of lava. The findings were published in the prestigious journal Science. The basis of the new technology is the memristor - a nanoscale electronic element that can simultaneously store information and perform calculations. Unlike traditional memory chips, it combines processing and storage functions, which makes it particularly interesting also from the point of view of developing artificial intelligence. The new device is built with three main layers: an upper electrode made of tungsten, an insulating layer made of hafnium oxide and a lower layer made of graphene - a material one atom thick, known for its exceptional strength and resistance to high temperatures.
Modern electronics - from smartphones to satellites - struggle with the fundamental limitation of high temperatures. Already above about 200°C, most circuits start to lose performance and subsequently fail. For this reason, creating devices capable of operating in extreme conditions has been one of engineering's greatest challenges for years.
Graphene plays a key role in the operation of the circuit. In traditional electronics, high temperatures cause the metal atoms to move through the insulating layer, leading to permanent connections and, consequently, to short circuits and device failure. In the new solution, graphene acts as a barrier - the tungsten atoms are unable to adhere to it, so they do not form conductive paths. As a result, the chip remains stable even under extreme conditions. The results achieved are impressive. The device can store data for more than 50 hours at 700°C without refreshing, withstands more than one billion switching cycles, and operates at a low voltage of 1.5 V and at very high speed, measured in nanoseconds. Interestingly, this discovery was not the original focus of the research - the scientists came across it by accident while working on another graphene-related project. It was not until detailed analysis, including electron microscopy and quantum simulations, that the mechanism responsible for the device's remarkable robustness was understood.
The potential applications of this technology are wide-ranging. Electronics capable of operating at such high temperatures could find applications in space exploration, for example in missions to Venus, where extreme conditions quickly destroy traditional circuits. Equally important are applications on Earth, such as nuclear and thermonuclear power systems, geothermal drilling and heavy industry. Even in everyday applications, for example in the automotive industry, such rugged components would significantly increase the reliability of devices. The new type of memory could also play an important role in the development of artificial intelligence. With the ability to process and store data simultaneously, memristors can speed up key mathematical operations, such as matrix multiplication, which underpin the operation of many machine learning algorithms. This discovery demonstrates that the limits of what is possible in electronics can still be pushed, and that future technologies can operate under conditions that until recently seemed completely inaccessible.
Review of the range of TV optical receivers - what to look for when choosing one?
When longer distance TV signal transmission is required, the use of optical fibre should be considered. As TV antennas, headends and TV amplifiers are not equipped with optical outputs, an optical path has to be created with the transmitter and receiver.DIPOL offers several models of optical receivers. It is worth getting acquainted with their basic parameters:
- Optical input sensitivity – the range of signal power, expressed in dBm, that can be fed to the input of the receiver without using attenuators or amplifiers. Lower sensitivity (higher number with "-" sign) means the possibility of building more extensive networks – greater split, longer cables, as the receiver will improve reception of low-power signals. Larger "plus" range gives a chance to install the receiver near the transmitter, without the need for additional signal attenuators. So, choose the receivers with as low a sensitivity as possible, while having a wide range of input levels (high versatility).
- RF output bandwidth – the range of supported TV signals, expressed in MHz. Basically there are 3 variants here: standard TV band: 47-862 MHz, extended band: 47-ca.1000 MHz (such band is often used by cable networks), 47-2400 MHz (signal from a satellite dish can be transmitted). The last option is useful in headend systems based on IF/IF converters.
- Maximum signal level at RF output – expressed in dBμV. Nodes providing output power above 100 dBμV allow to build extensive, multi-receiver TV network without a need of using additional amplifiers. The output level of 80 dBμV allows to build a small network with a several outputs, or supply a single TV set. Receivers with high output level should be equipped with adjustable signal attenuators, as well as equalizers affecting the attenuation.
- External dimensions and power supply – due to size we can distinguish small subscriber receivers and nodes used as a signal source for a larger number of devices. The selected models of receivers can be powered from USB port, e.g. from TV set, which makes them extremely convenient to install.
Terra OD-006 receiver – the most popular model of the optical receiver as it can be supplied via the USB port
The table below lists the available models. Values of the above specifications are listed.
| Name | OD-003 | OD-004A | OD-005P | OD-006 | OD-007 |
| Code | R81728 | R81717 | R81760 | R81762 | R81764 |
| Sensitivity [dBm] | -10...3 | -15...-6 / -8...0 | -6...0 | -6...0 | -15...0 |
| Operating bandwidth [MHz] | 47...1002 | 47...2400 | 47...862 | 47...1006 | 47....2400 |
| Maximum level per RF output [dBμV] | 80 | 80 | 107 | 80 | 80 |
| Type/size | Network/subscriber | Network/subscriber | Network | Subscriber | Subscriber |
| Power supply | Network | Network | Network | USB | Through RF |
Conversion of TV light-to-copper signal using TR-501 optical transmitter.
Conversion of TV light-to-copper signal using TR-501 R69951 optical transmitter is a solution used in modern RTV/SAT installations, especially where long transmission distances, high signal quality and resistance to electromagnetic interference are required. The process begins with feeding electrical signal (RF) from satellite, terrestrial and radio antennas to the optical transmitter, where it is converted into light signal. The TR-501 R69951 transmitter converts signals in the 47-2150 MHz band and uses CWDM technology, which enables several wavelengths to be transmitted in a single fibre, allowing simultaneous transmission of DVB-S/S2 and radio/DVB-T2 signals. The optical signal is then transmitted via single-mode fibre over considerable distances, with minimal losses and without the influence of external interference. At the reception site, the light signal reaches the optical receiver, where it is converted back into an electrical signal and further distributed via coaxial cables to TV receivers or distribution systems such as multiswitches. The use of this technology significantly reduces the amount of cabling, increases the range of the installation and improves the reliability of the entire system, making it particularly suitable for large buildings, hotels or collective RTV installations.The TR-501 R69951 SIGNAL PRO optical transmitter enables the distribution of radio/DVB-T2 and SAT signals from a single satellite position via a single optical fibre. The built-in LEDs on the housing of the transmitter allow quick verification of the correctness of the connections and ongoing diagnostics of the network. Signal transmission from a single satellite position is realised using WDM technology. The 1x4 SC/APC optical splitter SIGNAL PRO A98864 is used to split the optical signal into four independent paths. The signal is then sent to the REC-105 R69953 optical receiver, which converts the signal from fibre to the copper medium. The receiver splits the full band into four polarisation/band pairs (VL, HL, VH, HH) - analogous to the operation of classical QUATRO-type converters - and into a radio/DVB-T2 signal. The optical receivers are followed by standard multiswitch installation based on Signal PRO multiswitches.
Which Hikvision video door entry system to choose: 2-Wire IP, 2-Wire HD or maybe IP?
Hikvision currently has three video intercom systems in its product range: 2-Wire IP, 2-Wire HD and an IP system. The choice of the right system for a customer can be dictated by two factors which include: functionality and the type of communication bus between the devices.If you want to upgrade an old intercom system where there is straight or paired wiring, either the 2-Wire IP or 2-Wire HD system can be used. In both cases the power supply and the establishment of communication between the devices is done using two wires of cable, but the systems are slightly different. The 2-Wire IP system is in fact an IP system in which two wires of a straight or paired cable and a special distributor (switch) are used for communication between the connected devices and their 24 V DC power supply. The distributor has a network interface that allows connection to a switch, router or directly to a computer and activation, IP address setting and configuration. Once activated, the system is basically no different from an IP system from the user side. However, before choosing it, the installation requirements and communication ranges between devices should be studied in detail, as they are different to those of a typical IP system.
Presentation of the 2-Wire HD system
If the system is built from scratch, including wiring, it is best to use twisted pair and choose an IP system. This system is distinguished by the greatest functionality and immunity to interference. Due to network communication between devices and PoE power supply in accordance with the standard, the range of communication and power supply to devices is guaranteed up to 100 meters. The IP system allows, among other things, the construction of large and functional systems, control of two relays in the door station, integration with the monitoring system, remote operation via the Hik-Connect application and much more.
Hikvision's latest video door entry solution is the 2-Wire HD system, which is a slightly different approach. Power and communication between units is provided via a two-wire bus using the DS-KAD7060EY G74828 master distributor and DS-KAD7061EY G74830 floor distributors. It is also possible to power monitors within a premises from another monitor. The approach to configuring the addressing of the devices has also been changed, which is carried out using DEC switches located on the rear of the door station and monitor housings. Once the addresses are properly set on the switches and connected to the power bus, the system is immediately operational. There is therefore no need to think about which IP address and premises number has been assigned to a monitor, as this configuration can be done directly at the premises before the monitor is installed, without the need for a computer. The system is very flexible in terms of design, thanks to the use of floor distributors and the possibility of feeding monitors from other monitors. Additional configuration is possible by activating Access Point mode at the door station and connecting to it wirelessly via a smartphone or WiFi-enabled computer. In the 2-Wire HD system, the voltage on the communication bus is DC 48 V and is not compatible with the 2-Wire IP system. This system has the possibility of remote operation via the HikConnect app when the monitor is connected to the Internet via a WiFi interface, but it cannot be integrated into the monitoring system. When selecting it, it is also important to pay attention to the installation requirements and communication ranges between the devices.
Principles of IP Addressing - Part 6 - DNS.
A DNS address (Domain Name System) is the address of a server used to convert public (external) IP addresses from numerical to domain form. This means that there is no need to remember addresses in the form 62.121.130.38 - just remember the much friendlier address www.dipolnet.com.
Overview of a communication procedure between the client and server using DNS addresses:
| 1. What is the IP of www.dipolnet.com (query to the DNS 8.8.8.8 server)?? 2. www.dipolnet.com is 62.121.130.38. 3. Hello, 62.121.130.38! Send me your website. 4. Here is my website. | |
Translation of the domain name into the set of numbers is performed by the appropriate DNS server, to which the computer sends a request for the translation of the address. After receiving the response with the numeric address, the computer connects to the relevant computer/server.
Is it possible to connect 2 cameras with one network cable?
A standard Ethernet cable (category 5e or 6) consists of 4 pairs of wires (8 wires in total). Fast Ethernet (100 Mbps) transmission actually uses only two pairs, i.e. four of the eight wires. Data transmission takes place on wires 1,2,3,6. The remaining two pairs are unused. In emergency situations, the appropriate connection of the wires to the RJ-45 connectors will enable two devices to be connected. Importantly, PoE power can also be provided on the same pins as the data (the camera must support 802.3af mode A).The connection can be made by manually plugging in the appropriate pins or by using the P-PoE2 M18954 adapters, which allow the signal and power from two devices to be transmitted simultaneously over the same cable. The use of adapters provides connection security and smooth functioning of the installation.
Diagram of the use of the P-POE2 splitter to transfer data and power from the switch to the cameras
Circuit diagram
 | The active splitter RTA-140 TELMOR B11554 is a high-quality element of the antenna installation, designed to divide the signal into four television receivers. The built-in amplifier compensates for signal losses occurring during signal splitting. The active RTA 140 splitter ensures stable and clear terrestrial TV reception when there is a loss of signal in the installation after connecting more TV receivers. . | |
 | WWK Maestro - channel mast amplifier TELMOR R89059 is a new generation channel amplifier with 4 inputs for UHF, VHF or Combo antennas. Signals from the UHF and VHF bands are automatically, selectively tuned and then amplified using 32 digital filters. The selectivity of the filters is greater than 35 dB over a distance of 1 MHz, which in practice means perfect isolation of unwanted signals in the installation under construction. Thanks to the use of 5G Protected technology, we are guaranteed proper isolation of 5G/LTE/GSM signals even in difficult conditions (close location of the transmitter or transmitter on the line of signal reception). | |
Worth reading:
Layered installation of SIGNAL PRO multiswitches. Layered installation of SIGNAL PRO multiswitches is a way of building RTV-SAT systems in which two multiswitches are mounted in parallel. Each multiswitch serves its own "layer" of subscribers, but they all receive the same input signal from a QUATRO-type converter. Dedicated brackets are used to mount them correctly, and one of them is UCH PRO 1 R69985. This bracket allows fast, stable and orderly mounting of two multiswitches in telecommunication cabinets, as well as on flat surfaces in a two-layer system...>>>more
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The above picture shows layered installation of SIGNAL PRO multiswitches using UCH-PRO1 bracket. The multiswitches have been mounted in a way that ensures mechanical stability, proper ventilation and service access to all connectors and control elements.
ATLAS non-invasive masts
